《人权和公民权宣言》中英全文

1789年人权和公民权宣言

（1789年8月26日制宪国民会议颁布）

序言

组成国民会议的法兰西人民的代表们，相信对于人权的无知、忽视与轻蔑乃是公共灾祸与政府腐化的唯一原因，乃决定在一个庄严的宣言里，呈现人类自然的、不可让渡的与神圣的权利，以便这个永远呈现于社会所有成员之前的宣言，能不断地向他们提醒他们的权利与义务；以便立法权与行政权的行动，因能随时与所有政治制度的目标两相比较，从而更受尊重；以便公民们今后根据简单而无可争辩的原则所提出的各种要求，总能导向宪法的维护和导向全体的幸福。

因此，国民会议在上帝面前及其庇护之下，承认并且宣布如下的人权和公民权。

正文

第一条　人生来就是而且始终是自由的，在权利方面一律平等。社会差别只能建立在公益基础之上 。

第二条　一切政治结合均旨在维护人类自然的和不受时效约束的权利。这些权利是自由、财产、安全与反抗压迫。

第三条　整个主权的本原根本上乃存在于国民（La Nation）。任何团体或任何个人皆不得行使国民所未明白授予的权力。

第四条　自由是指能从事一切无害于他人的行为；因此，每一个人行使其自然权利，只以保证社会上其他成员能享有相同的权利为限制。此等限制只能以法律决定之。

第五条　法律仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍，而且任何人都不得被强制去从事法律所未要求的行为。

第六条　法律是公意（la volonté générale）的表达。每一个公民皆有权亲自或由其代表去参与法律的制订。法律对于所有的人，无论是施行保护或是惩罚都是一样的。在法律的眼里一律平等的所有公民皆能按照他们的能力平等地担任一切公共官职、职位与职务，除他们的德行和才能以外不受任何其他差别。

第七条　除非在法律所确定情况下并按照法律所规定的程序，任何人均不受控告、逮捕与拘留。凡请求发布、传送、执行或使人执行任何专断的命令者，皆应受到惩罚；但任何根据法律而被传唤或逮捕的公民则应当立即服从，抗拒即属犯罪。

第八条　法律只应设立确实必要和明显必要的刑罚，而且除非根据在犯法前已经通过并且公布的法律而合法地受到惩处，否则任何人均不应遭受刑罚。

第九条　所有人直到被宣告有罪之前，均应被推定为无罪，而即使判定逮捕系属必要者，一切为羁押人犯身体而不必要的严酷手段，都应当受到法律的严厉制裁。

第十条　任何人不应为其意见甚至其宗教观点而遭到干涉，只要它们的表达没有扰乱法律所建立的公共秩序。

第十一条　自由交流思想与意见乃是人类最为宝贵的权利之一。因此，每一个公民都可以自由地言论、著作与出版，但应在法律规定的情况下对此项自由的滥用承担责任。

第十二条　人权和公民权的保障需要公共的武装力量。这一力量因此是为了全体的福祉而不是为了此种力量的受任人的个人利益而设立的。

第十三条　为了公共武装力量的维持和行政的开支，公共赋税是不可或缺的。赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力平等地分摊。

第十四条　所有公民都有权亲身或由其代表决定公共赋税的必要性，自由地加以批准，知悉其用途，并决定税率、税基、征收方式和期限。

第十五条　社会有权要求一切公务人员报告其行政工作。

第十六条　一切社会，凡权利无保障或分权未确立，均无丝毫宪法之可言。

第十七条　财产是不可侵犯与神圣的权利，除非合法认定的公共需要对它明白地提出要求，同时基于公正和预先补偿的条件，任何人的财产皆不可受到剥夺。

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen（1789）

The representatives of the French people, organized as a National Assembly, believing that the ignorance, neglect, or contempt of the rights of man are the sole cause of public calamities and of the corruption of governments, have determined to set forth in a solemn declaration the natural, unalienable, and sacred rights of man, in order that this declaration, being constantly before all the members of the Social body, shall remind them continually of their rights and duties; in order that the acts of the legislative power, as well as those of the executive power, may be compared at any moment with the objects and purposes of all political institutions and may thus be more respected, and, lastly, in order that the grievances of the citizens, based hereafter upon simple and incontestable principles, shall tend to the maintenance of the constitution and redound to the happiness of all.

Therefore the National Assembly recognizes and proclaims, in the presence and under the auspices of the Supreme Being, the following rights of man and of the citizen:

1、Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good.

2、The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression.

3、The principle of all sovereignty resides essentially in the nation. No body nor individual may exercise any authority which does not proceed directly from the nation.

4、Liberty consists in the freedom to do everything which injures no one else; hence the exercise of the natural rights of each man has no limits except those which assure to the other members of the society the enjoyment of the same rights. These limits can only be determined by law.

5、Law can only prohibit such actions as are hurtful to society. Nothing may be prevented which is not forbidden by law, and no one may be forced to do anything not provided for by law.

6、Law is the expression of the general will. Every citizen has a right to participate personally, or through his representative, in its foundation. It must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes. All citizens, being equal in the eyes of the law, are equally eligible to all dignities and to all public positions and occupations, according to their abilities, and without distinction except that of their virtues and talents.

7、No person shall be accused, arrested, or imprisoned except in the cases and according to the forms prescribed by law. Any one soliciting, transmitting, executing, or causing to be executed, any arbitrary order, shall be punished. But any citizen summoned or arrested in virtue of the law shall submit without delay, as resistance constitutes an offense.

8、The law shall provide for such punishments only as are strictly and obviously necessary, and no one shall suffer punishment except it be legally inflicted in virtue of a law passed and promulgated before the commission of the offense.

9、As all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoner person shall be severely repressed by law.

10、No one shall be disquieted on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation does not disturb the public order established by law.

11、The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.

12、The security of the rights of man and of the citizen requires public military forces. These forces are, therefore, established for the good of all and not for the personal advantage of those to whom they shall be intrusted.

13、A common contribution is essential for the maintenance of the public forces and for the cost of administration. This should be equitably distributed among all the citizens in proportion to their means.

14、All the citizens have a right to decide, either personally or by their representatives, as to the necessity of the public contribution; to grant this freely; to know to what uses it is put; and to fix the proportion, the mode of assessment and of collection and the duration of the taxes.

15、Society has the right to require of every public agent an account of his administration.

16、A society in which the observance of the law is not assured, nor the separation of powers defined, has no constitution at all.

17、Since property is an inviolable and sacred right, no one shall be deprived thereof except where public necessity, legally determined, shall clearly demand it, and then only on condition that the owner shall have been previously and equitably indemnified.

《人权宣言》的历史意义

《人权宣言》揭示了天赋人权、自由平等的原则，否定了封建等级制度，体现了摧毁封建君主专制的要求，成为资产阶级夺取政权和巩固政权的思想武器，它实际上宣告了旧封建王权灭亡和资产阶级政治制度的诞生。

人权宣言》的公布表明，法国资产阶级用以法律为基础的资产阶级权利取代了君主个人意志为标志的封建特权。这是在政治和法律领域带有根本性的变化。作为资产阶级革命的纲领性文件，它将启蒙思想发扬光大，并用法律的形式固定了下来，起到承前启后、继往开来的巨大作用，特别对欧美的资产阶级革命或改革，都产生了广泛而深远的影响。它还推动了其他很多国家民主思想的发展，推动了世界资产阶级民主化的进程。法国资产阶级革命思想和学说对亚洲和中国的革命都产生了不同程度的影响。